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This circulation of plant material between these spaces and the wide-ranging networks this encompassed is also made visible in the Proposals for Opening by Subscription a Botanic Garden to be Called the London Botanic Garden, written by William Curtis, an apothecary by training. Fothergill, and Dr. The interconnections and movements between gardens are also illuminated by a close analysis of the gardens of Fothergill and Pitcairn.
Like Lettsom, both men were key medical figures at the end of the eighteenth century, with large disposable incomes and estates on the fringes of the city, as well as busy central London medical practices. Together they funded plant-hunting expeditions and used their gardens as botanical clearinghouses as well as training grounds for apprentice gardeners.
Throughout Britain in this period, medical physicians developed gardens in which seeds and plants could be grown, observed, and circulated. In this way they formed part of larger gentry and university botanic networks, and thereby operated in similar ways to the more commercial gardens of nurserymen. Lettsom himself was born on Little Jost Van Dyke near Tortola, one of the British Virgin Islands, which housed a Quaker colony as well as a number of slave plantations fig. Similarly, the seemingly benign traffic in plants from remote parts of the world was necessarily tied to the trade in people, since ships were used for more than one purpose as they crisscrossed the oceans.
Almost half of the maritime men, which included a large number of surgeons, who were collecting for naturalists such as James Petiver in the Atlantic were doing so along slave trade routes. Moving from the global frame to the individual, it is worth also considering the personal connections that impacted on the movement of plants across garden spaces.
Having regularly frequented the estate of Dr. Fothergill fig. However, in his fortunes changed, and after being examined by the Royal College, he became the first graduate in medicine from Edinburgh to be granted a license to practice.
From that point onward his career developed along a rapid upward trajectory until he became one of the richest physicians in England. From later letters it is clear that Fothergill and Alston retained a botanic friendship long after he graduated. Other members of his network, including fellow Quaker and banker David Barclay, may also have provided encouragement for this botanical interest.
It was Barclay who introduced Fothergill to Peter Collinson, a well-off Quaker merchant who traded mainly with the American colonies and the West Indies, and in Fothergill recorded his pleasure in this new friendship. It is through this network that Fothergill became involved in plant collecting, particularly via Bartram in America, and his house and garden in Upton also became a repository for plants, animals, and a collection of shells, corals, and insects.
Engraving as reproduced in A. Logan Turner, Joseph, Baron Lister: more However, given the exotic nature of much of the plant material grown at Upton, it is not surprising that the botanic infrastructure included both hot and cold greenhouses. I am not so far a systematic Botanist as to wish to have in my garden all the grasses or other less observable humble plants that nature produces. The useful, the beautiful, the singular or the fragrant are to us the most material.
Mosses, grasses and the like I leave to others. Ferns indeed and the Polypodiae, I love. They are all elegant. They had to be either of a pleasurable nature to be enjoyed as such or be of utilitarian value. This description acts as an important reminder of the personal pleasure to be found in plant collecting and the role of the garden as a multisensory space, even when it also had a scientific function.
It is clear that although Fothergill was an active collector of various productions of natural history, he viewed these as an investment for later life when he expected to have far more time than his snatched few hours with a lantern to enjoy them. It is that when I grow old and am unfit for the duties of a more active life, I may have some amusement in store to fill up those hours when bodily infirmity may require some external consolations.
Often these were the products of expeditions that were co-funded with fellow physician and botany enthusiast, Pitcairn. There he developed a botanic garden that was well enough known for Mrs. Pitcairn began a botanical garden, behind the house in which he resided now Mr. Jones after Sir Joseph Reynolds, Fothergill who possess Gardens the next to this Royal Garden in goodness.
His Majesty has also missionaries to gather all plants of a rare kind. Here the global is clearly presented within what is generally recognized to be the domestic English landscape more Like Fothergill, Pitcairn was a major medical figure, but one who was accepted to the highest levels of the profession without the obstacles of being a religious nonconformist. Like other physicians, Pitcairn also participated in professional and social networks.
For example, both Cullen and Pitcairn were members of elite households at the start of their careers. The circulation of botanic specimens has always been particularly valuable for the creation and maintenance of botanic gardens. However, his garden also provided plant material for more established teaching collections.
For example, Rembert notes that Pitcairn was able to help the Chelsea Physic Garden in the s when they needed assistance, along with other establishment figures. James Smith, Mr. James Dixon of the British Museum, and Dr. Pitcairn for their plants and seeds for the use of the garden. Some specimens were from his own garden, and others were obtained from local nurserymen in London. On December 22, , Dr. Garden and are to be got in the neighbourhood of London viz.
Again, there is no real distinction made by users themselves between the gardens, and they are all perceived as equally valuable in the circulation of material between the various spaces, although Pitcairn, perhaps in his more privileged role within the network, seems to be the one negotiating the transfer of plants from the London nurserymen to Edinburgh.
Their exclusive contents made them significant as sites of new knowledge. In this way his Islington garden became a botanic clearinghouse where plants were brought in from around the globe and then distributed to other places, including Edinburgh. It also raises questions of other activities related to plant collecting, such as the elision of indigenous knowledge in this colonial plant-collecting expedition.
More focused research in this area could reveal the relationship between these expeditions and other colonial activities. Fothergill and Pitcairn worked together as collectors as early as and were involved in funding a number of expeditions to the West Indies, the Alps, and Africa with various other wealthy botany enthusiasts.
This may in part reflect that many of the plants and seeds that were collected would have been grown, acclimatized, and propagated before they were sent on elsewhere, often in private gardens. In he authored Arbustum Americanum, a catalog of American trees and shrubs following the Linnaean system of plant classification, the first publication of its kind.
A stonemason by trade, Marshall took an early interest in botany. His cousin John Bartram , who had created a botanical garden in Philadelphia , encouraged his younger relative in this pursuit. In Marshall established his own botanical garden of native and exotic plants on his property at Marshallton in what is today West Bradford Township, Chester County.
There he cultivated new species and developed a lucrative business selling his plants. Not only did he supply clients in America but also in Europe. He sold to the scientific botanical gardens in Brussels, Holland and Italy and supplied the commercial forests of Germany as well.
Although Bartram was a well-respected naturalist and sold seeds and plants from his garden around the world, Marshall surpassed him in commercial success. Moses contributed greatly to both research and business at the nursery.
After Humphry passed away, Moses continued to cultivate and sell plants until his own death.
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