Ethereum subprotocol
The compression algorithm is optimized for sparse input data which contains a lot of zero bytes. Decompression requires knowledge of the decompressed data length. Parts of this trie can be retrieved with the GetHelperTrieProofs message. Currently the trie root is part of the trusted syncing checkpoint but trustless validation of the BloomBits trie is part of the development plans. The trie consists of the compressed bit vectors as values stored at keys constructed from the the bloom bit index encoded as a 2-byte big endian, followed by the section index encoded as an 8-byte big endian.
Since all-zero bit vectors have a zero length when compressed, these vectors are not added to the trie at all. BloomBits tries are generated for each new section of transformed bloom filter data by adding the vectors belonging to the latest section index to the previous trie. Client Side Flow Control Any node which takes on a server role in the the LES protocol needs to be able to somehow limit the amount of work it does for each client peer during a given time period.
They can always just serve requests slowly if they are overloaded, but it is beneficial to give some sort of flow control feedback to the clients. This way, clients could and would have incentive to behave nicely and not send requests too quickly in the first place and then possibly timeout and resend while the server is still working on them.
They could also distribute requests better between multiple servers they are connected to. And if clients can do this, servers can expect them to do this and throttle or drop them if they break the flow control rules. The Model Let us assume that serving each request has a cost depending on type and parameters for the server.
This cost is determined by the server, but it has an upper limit for any valid request. The server assigns a "buffer" for each client from which the cost of each request is deduced. The buffer has an upper limit the "buffer limit" and a recharge rate cost per second. The server can decide to recharge it more quickly at any time if it has more free resources, but there is a guaranteed minimum recharge rate. If a request is received that would drain the client's buffer below zero, the client has broken the flow control rules and is throttled or disconnected.
The value of this parameter is a table assigning cost values to every on-demand retrieval message in the LES protocol. If BV goes negative, drops the peer, otherwise starts serving the request. The reply message contains a BV value that is the previously calculated BV plus the amount recharged during the time spent serving.
Now it is possible and recommended to send a StopMsg instead and then a ResumeMsg when the buffer has been at least partially recharged. This allows clients to treat the buffer feedback as an optional performance optimization hint instead of a mandatory mechanism and allows simple implementations that do not care about the buffer at all.
Request ID Every on-demand request message contains a reqID field, which is simply returned by the server in the corresponding reply message. This helps matching replies for requests on the client side so that each reply doesn't need to be matched against each pending request. This message should be sent just after the connection is established and prior to any other LES messages.
The following keys are required value types are noted after the key string : "protocolVersion" P: is 1 for protocol version one. Integer, as found in block header. Allowed integer values are: none 0 : no Announce messages are sent, i. If the node serves chain data then "serveChainSince" should always be present while "serveRecentChain" is optional.
If the node serves state data then "serveStateSince" should always be present while "serveRecentState" is optional. This allows announcing additional capabilities while staying compatible with past protocol versions. A restrictive change of server capabilities for example, an increase of "serveStateSince" due to state pruning should be announced at least 10 seconds prior to actually restricting those capabilities in order to avoid asynchronous problems.
Changes to unknown keys should be ignored. Changes to known keys that make no sense lead to disconnection. Announcing a head with a lower or equal TD than previously announced or a head that the sending node later refuses to honor with a proceeding GetBlockHeaders message with number and TD also matching is considered bad form, and may lead to disconnection or reduce the reputation of the sending node. The field reorgDepth contains the number of blocks to be rolled back from the last head announced by the same node in order to find the last common ancestor of the last and current heaviest chain.
Adding this field helps the client to minimize the number of requests and the amount of bandwidth required to fetch new headers. Reply must contain a number of block headers, of rising number when reverse is 0, falling when 1, skip blocks apart, beginning at block block denoted by either number or hash in the canonical chain, and with at most maxHeaders items.
The items in the list following the message ID are block headers in the format described in the main Ethereum specification, previously asked for in a GetBlockHeaders message. The list may be empty if none of the requested block headers were available on the server side. Similar to the execution layer, this first requires a discovery protocol so that a node can find peers and establish secure sessions for exchanging blocks, attestations etc.
Discovery Similar to the execution clients, consensus clients use discv5 over UDP for finding peers. The consensus layer implementation of discv5 differs from that of the execution clients only in that it includes an adaptor connecting discv5 into a libP2P stack, deprecating DevP2P. The execution layer's RLPx sessions are deprecated in favour of libP2P's noise secure channel handshake.
The former makes it easier for nodes to find peers participating in specific attestation gossip sub-networks. The eth2 key contains information about which Ethereum fork version the node is using, ensuring peers are connecting to the right Ethereum. Gossip The gossip domain includes all information that has to spread rapidly throughout the network. This includes beacon blocks, proofs, attestations, exits and slashings. This is transmitted using libP2P gossipsub v1 and relies on various metadata being stored locally at each node, including maximum size of gossip payloads to receive and transmit.
Detailed information about the gossip domain is available here. Request-response The request-response domain contains protocols for clients requesting specific information from their peers. Examples include requesting specific Beacon blocks matching certain root hashes or within a range of slots.
The responses are always returned as snappy-compressed SSZ encoded bytes. SSZ stands for simple serialization. It uses fixed offsets that make it easy to decode individual parts of an encoded message without having to decode the entire structure, which is very useful for the consensus client as it can efficiently grab specific pieces of information from encoded messages. It is also designed specifically to integrate with Merkle protocols, with related efficiency gains for Merkleization.
Since all hashes in the consensus layer are Merkle roots, this adds up to a significant improvement. SSZ also guarantees unique representations of values. Connecting the execution and consensus clients Both consensus and execution clients run in parallel. They need to be connected so that the consensus client can provide instructions to the execution client, and the execution client can pass bundles of transactions to the consensus client to include in Beacon blocks.
The communication between the two clients can be achieved using a local RPC connection. Since both clients sit behind a single network identity, they share an ENR Ethereum node record which contains a separate key for each client eth1 key and eth2 key.
The eth subprotocol assumes that all nodes either have all of the state or will eventually have all of the state.
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| Ethereum subprotocol | By defining a program logic and access ethereum subprotocol with smart contracts, all interactions are verified in the distributed network and the history of the data is recorded on the ledger. See end of document for a list of changes in past protocol versions. It retrieves Merkle proofs from different types of "helper tries" which are generated for every fixed-length section of the canonical chain. This message should be sent just after the connection is established and prior to any other LES messages. This helps matching replies for requests on the client side so that each reply doesn't need to be matched against each pending request. Receiving StopMsg more subprotocol ethereum once every few minutes in subprotocol term average or not receiving ResumeMsg in a few seconds can be considered bad service quality by the clients. Informational: This provides guidelines in designing Ethereum. |
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Now it is possible and recommended to send a StopMsg instead and then a ResumeMsg when the buffer has been at least partially recharged. This allows clients to treat the buffer feedback as an optional performance optimization hint instead of a mandatory mechanism and allows simple implementations that do not care about the buffer at all. Request ID Every on-demand request message contains a reqID field, which is simply returned by the server in the corresponding reply message.
This helps matching replies for requests on the client side so that each reply doesn't need to be matched against each pending request. This message should be sent just after the connection is established and prior to any other LES messages. The following keys are required value types are noted after the key string : "protocolVersion" P: is 1 for protocol version one. Integer, as found in block header.
Allowed integer values are: none 0 : no Announce messages are sent, i. If the node serves chain data then "serveChainSince" should always be present while "serveRecentChain" is optional. If the node serves state data then "serveStateSince" should always be present while "serveRecentState" is optional. This allows announcing additional capabilities while staying compatible with past protocol versions. A restrictive change of server capabilities for example, an increase of "serveStateSince" due to state pruning should be announced at least 10 seconds prior to actually restricting those capabilities in order to avoid asynchronous problems.
Changes to unknown keys should be ignored. Changes to known keys that make no sense lead to disconnection. Announcing a head with a lower or equal TD than previously announced or a head that the sending node later refuses to honor with a proceeding GetBlockHeaders message with number and TD also matching is considered bad form, and may lead to disconnection or reduce the reputation of the sending node. The field reorgDepth contains the number of blocks to be rolled back from the last head announced by the same node in order to find the last common ancestor of the last and current heaviest chain.
Adding this field helps the client to minimize the number of requests and the amount of bandwidth required to fetch new headers. Reply must contain a number of block headers, of rising number when reverse is 0, falling when 1, skip blocks apart, beginning at block block denoted by either number or hash in the canonical chain, and with at most maxHeaders items.
The items in the list following the message ID are block headers in the format described in the main Ethereum specification, previously asked for in a GetBlockHeaders message. The list may be empty if none of the requested block headers were available on the server side. Specify the set of blocks that we're interested in with the hashes. The items in the list following the message ID are some of the blocks, minus the header, in the format described in the main Ethereum specification, previously asked for in a GetBlockBodies message.
If fromLevel is greater than zero, the given number of trie nodes closest to the root can be omitted from the proof. This set will be called a proof set. Compared to Proofs , this message contains a single list of nodes satisfying all requested proofs.
The list shouldn't contain duplicate nodes. It retrieves Merkle proofs from different types of "helper tries" which are generated for every fixed-length section of the canonical chain. If auxReq is greater than zero then auxiliary data is requested too. If auxReq is 1 then the root hash of the specified trie according to the server is returned and no trie nodes are added to the proof set.
This special request will be required for trustless validation of helper tries. The interpretation of auxReq values greater than 1 is subject to subType. If auxReq is 2 then the belonging header is returned as auxData. BloomBits 1 : request a key from the BloomBits Trie.
In this trie key is 10 bytes long, it consists of the bloom bit index encoded as a 2-byte big endian, followed by the section index encoded as an 8-byte big endian. The returned value is the corresponding compressed bloom bit vector. The length of the auxData list equals the number of requests with a non-zero auxReq.
This message is intended for inquiry about past transactions sent by the client. Note that the server is not required to make every transaction available indefinitely. Possible status values are: Unknown 0 : transaction is unknown Queued 1 : transaction is queued not processable yet Pending 2 : transaction is pending processable Included 3 : transaction is already included in the canonical chain.
Error 4 : transaction sending failed. StopMsg 0x16 Instruct the client to temporarily stop sending requests and to not expect responses to those requests it did not already receive a reply for. Integer, as found in block header. To be maximally helpful, nodes should inform peers of all blocks that they may not be aware of.
Including hashes that the sending peer could reasonably be considered to know due to the fact they were previously informed of because that node has itself advertised knowledge of the hashes through NewBlockHashes is considered Bad Form, and may reduce the reputation of the sending node. Including hashes that the sending node later refuses to honour with a proceeding GetBlockHeaders message is considered Bad Form, and may reduce the reputation of the sending node.
Reply must contain a number of block headers, of rising number when reverse is 0, falling when 1, skip blocks apart, beginning at block block denoted by either number or hash in the canonical chain, and with at most maxHeaders items. The items in the list following the message ID are block headers in the format described in the main Ethereum specification, previously asked for in a GetBlockHeaders message.
This may validly contain no block headers if no block headers were able to be returned for the GetBlockHeaders query. Specify the set of blocks that we're interested in with the hashes. The items in the list following the message ID are some of the blocks, minus the header, in the format described in the main Ethereum specification, previously asked for in a GetBlockBodies message.
If fromLevel is greater than zero, the given number of trie nodes closest to the root can be omitted from the proof. Each block delta contains a list of altered trie nodes in no particular order and contract code within the block. Each transaction proof consists of a set of required trie nodes from various tries, in no particular order and code.
This can be done impromptu or as part of a request.
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