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Organized crime continues to be pervasive in many spheres of Bulgarian life, despite domestic and international efforts to combat it. To date, not a single major OC figure has been punished by the Bulgarian legal system, despite an on-going series of OC-related assassinations. The Fraud Prevention Unit in Embassy Sofia's Consular Section maintains a list of known and suspected major organized crime figures, and Embassy Sofia has an aggressive policy of preventing OC figures from traveling to the United States.
SBU OC groups are known to be involved in narcotics trafficking, prostitution, extortion and racketeering, various financial crimes, car theft, and trafficking in stolen automobiles. Human trafficking for sexual exploitation, counterfeiting, and debit and credit card fraud also are some of the most common criminal activities engaged in by Bulgarian organized crime. Crime groups involved in human trafficking are extremely mobile, and victims are often sold or traded amongst various groups.
Many groups use a host of legitimate businesses domestically and abroad to launder the proceeds of their illegal activities. Several well-known businessmen linked to organized crime have parlayed their wealth into ownership of sports teams, property developments, and financial institutions. An organized crime activity that received special attention due to its growth in was VAT value-added tax fraud.
SBU Counterfeit currency -- both U. While there is thought to be cooperation between Bulgarian groups and other international organized crime groups, the couriers, middlemen and distributors are predominantly Bulgarian. The quality of counterfeit currency is continuously improving due to increasingly sophisticated printing facilities and the involvement of professional individuals with considerable printing skills.
A June raid in northeast Bulgaria -- part of a joint operation between Bulgarian law enforcement and the U. This was the second largest counterfeit seizure in European history. These groups imported multi-kilo quantities of cocaine and multi-thousand doses of ecstasy into the United States. They had drug connections through Amsterdam and some financial backing of an Israeli national.
While most members of these groups were convicted and imprisoned in the U. SBU Other investigations in the U. C Since the fall of Communism in and the turbulent s, Bulgaria's organized crime scene has undergone major changes, much like the rest of Bulgaria's economic, political, and social landscape. MG has actively tried to transform some activities into a legitimate business group focused on managing the vast assets it acquired during its heyday.
The group hired a U. Both have since disbanded, but their remnants are still actively involved in organized criminal activity. The up-and-coming star of Bulgarian organized crime, the Varna-based TIM group, is increasingly resembling MULTIGRUP in its successful efforts to permeate as many legal and illegal sectors as possible; currently, TIM and its subsidiary business empire is one of the largest and most serious economic concerns in Bulgaria.
It is believed that 12 people control all of TIM's companies -- which in were estimated to number over and include over 10, employees -- with each of the 12 holding fixed shares in the assets and running separate sectors of the group's business empire. Despite trying to portray itself as a purely legitimate business grouping, TIM remains very secretive about its corporate structure and ownership, and its companies and divisions are entangled in a complex set of relationships.
As an organized crime group, TIM is involved in a wide range of criminal activities, including extortion and racketeering, intimidation, prostitution, gambling, narcotics trafficking, car theft, and trafficking in stolen automobiles. Tihomir Mitev oversees TIM's industrial operations. TIM's initial activities involved collecting bad debts -- a line of business that has contributed to the group's negative public image but which still remains one of its main activities -- and providing security services in the Varna region.
In Varna, TIM's presence is seen and felt everywhere. Its media interests include M-SAT television a Varna-based broadcaster available nationally by cable and satellite , five other cable television stations, two cable television operators, Alpha Radio also available nationally , "Cherno More" newspaper the largest circulation newspaper in Varna and its surrounding region , and the advertising agency servicing these media interests.
TIM also owns a chain of restaurants, cinemas, video rental shops, sports clubs, Internet gaming clubs, and bingo halls. TIM has used its substantial financial sector presence to offer one-stop shopping of combined banking, insurance, and pension services. After the group's license to carry out security services was revoked, the group was renamed VIS 2.
Georgi Iliev, a relative of Dimitrov's, was also his best man. As the largest player in the drugs market, VAI controls trafficking routes, production facilities, and distribution networks. The group is also involved in trafficking stolen automobiles from Western Europe to the former Soviet Union.
Its other criminal activities include extortion and racketeering, illegal arms trading, gambling, prostitution, and smuggling. VAI has extensive business interests in tourism, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. Intergroup's illegal activities include narcotics especially heroin , financial fraud through its ties with the AMIGOS financial guarantee company , car thefts and trafficking in stolen automobiles, smuggling, extortion and racketeering, and prostitution.
Kirov, who is also involved in human trafficking and alien smuggling, barely survived a second assassination attempt in April Ventsislav is the manager of the Slavia soccer team in Sofia. One area where the group's legal and illegal activities coalesced is in car theft and automobile insurance.
Automobiles insured by Bul Ins display special identity stickers meant to protect them from being stolen; cars not insured by Bul Ins are considered fair game. Once the largest organized crime group in Bulgaria, Pavlov started to move MG into legitimate businesses, comprised of hundreds of subsidiary companies with interests in natural resources and mining, finance, tourism, manufacturing, and food commodities.
In , Popova announced that MG would start selling a large number of its assets in order to focus primarily on investment projects and tourism. There were also reports that Popova preferred to re-direct the group's efforts from the Balkans to U. As the largest player in the drugs market, VAI controls trafficking routes, production facilities, and distribution networks.
The group is also involved in trafficking stolen automobiles from Western Europe to the former Soviet Union. Its other criminal activities include extortion and racketeering, illegal arms trading, gambling, prostitution, and smuggling. VAI has extensive business interests in tourism, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. Intergroup's illegal activities include narcotics especially heroin , financial fraud through its ties with the AMIGOS financial guarantee company , car thefts and trafficking in stolen automobiles, smuggling, extortion and racketeering, and prostitution.
Kirov, who is also involved in human trafficking and alien smuggling, barely survived a second assassination attempt in April Ventsislav is the manager of the Slavia soccer team in Sofia. One area where the group's legal and illegal activities coalesced is in car theft and automobile insurance. Automobiles insured by Bul Ins display special identity stickers meant to protect them from being stolen; cars not insured by Bul Ins are considered fair game. Once the largest organized crime group in Bulgaria, Pavlov started to move MG into legitimate businesses, comprised of hundreds of subsidiary companies with interests in natural resources and mining, finance, tourism, manufacturing, and food commodities.
In , Popova announced that MG would start selling a large number of its assets in order to focus primarily on investment projects and tourism. There were also reports that Popova preferred to re-direct the group's efforts from the Balkans to U. Overgas is also involved in constructing and managing gas pipelines and other infrastructure. Ivanov oversees the group's smuggling, extortion, and racketeering activities, among other illegal activities.
The group is thought to have the largest share in Sofia's escort and intimate services businesses, which are used as fronts for prostitution and trafficking in women for sexual exploitation. Bozhkov has used his influence to block the transfer of the approximately 49 percent of the Rila Hotel, subject of long-running property restitution case, claimed by Bulgaria's Jewish community.
Bozhkov's illegal activities include money laundering, privatization fraud, intimidation, and extortion and racketeering. Rosexim Bank's largest client is the Bulgarian government, which channels all tax, customs, and excise payments through the bank. Kyulev's criminal activities include fraud and money laundering. Kyulev has recently employed a U. As part of his campaign to gain credibility and legitimacy, he has also recently established the DZI Foundation to combat human trafficking; Kyulev is suspected of using the foundation as a channel to launder money.
Ganchev was one of the first organized crime leaders to use a sports team to launder money, through the LITEX soccer team in Lovech. Litex also owns the Lovech-based VINAL winery, which produces wine for domestic consumption and export to Europe, as well as vodka for export. Litex's illegal activities include petroleum smuggling, financial fraud and money laundering, and extortion and racketeering.
The group's criminal activities include prostitution, narcotics, and trafficking stolen automobiles. With Pavlov's death in , and the departure of Gushterov and Dionosiev in , the business club does not maintain the same importance it once did, but it still serves as a forum for cooperation between a number of economic interests. The Russian petroleum company is estimated to be the largest corporate taxpayer in Bulgaria.
It also controls Russian oil exports to Bulgaria. Lukoil's Bulgarian operations, through Zlatev, are suspected of strong ties to Russian intelligence and organized crime. Its primary illegal activities include privatization fraud and corruption. C Organized crime has a corrupting influence on all Bulgarian institutions, including the government, parliament and judiciary. In an attempt to maintain their influence regardless of who is in power, OC figures donate to all the major political parties.
As these figures have expanded into legitimate businesses, they have attempted -- with some success -- to buy their way into the corridors of power. At the beginning of his term in office in , Prime Minister Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha held a high-profile meeting with members of Vuzrazhdane in which he invited Iliya Pavlov, Vasil Bozhkov, et al, to become part of a "business consultative council" advising the government.
C Ahmed Dogan, the leader of the government's junior coalition partner, attended Iliya Pavlov's funeral in , making no attempt to conceal his close relationship with the slain Multigrup chairman. C Below the level of the national government and the leadership of the major political parties, OC "owns" a number of municipalities and individual members of parliament.
This direct participation in politics -- as opposed to bribery -- is a relatively new development for Bulgarian OC. Gushterov's was one of several "insurance" companies engaged in extortion and racketeering in the years immediately following the collapse of communism.
At the municipal level, a by-election earlier this year in the town of Svilingrad, on the Bulgarian-Turkish border, resulted in the complete takeover of the municipal government by figures who have made little attempt to conceal their links to powerful smuggling interests.
Similarly in the regional center of Velingrad, OC figures control the municipal council and the mayor's office. Nearly identical scenarios have played out in half a dozen smaller towns and villages across Bulgaria. C Despite continuing pressure from the U. As a result, OC has increased its influence and is able to operate with virtual impunity.
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