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So that as well by an inevitable necessity in Nature, as the ordinary course of Policies, there must be a reverting to the first, and Monarchicall Authority. The way down-hill is easie and ordinary, but to ascend unto the top requireth both wit to frame the steps, and courage to give the attempt: So was it here also with the Romans.
Marius was of an harsh and stern nature, equally cruell to the Enemies in war, and the people in peace; one whose birth the Romans might have had just cause to curse, had he not saved them from the Cimbri. Sylla was one whose carriage none could enough commend before, or sufficiently condemn after his prosperity.
A man whose Peace was far more bloudy than his Wars, a better Subject than a Prince. These two gave way each to other, and both to death. Next these, as well in faction and designs, as blood and Page [unnumbered] alliance, succeeded Caesar and Pompey: Two men never truly paralleld since their own times. But turning their forces one against the other, Pompey overthrown in the Field, was basely murthered in Egypt: and Caesar victoriously Conquerour in Thessalie, was barbarously massacred in the Capitoll.
And though none of these four Worthies could settle the Monarchy in himself; yet this shall be to their eternall memory recorded, that they first opened the passage to others, and first moved the stone, which rowling along tumbled the People out of the Government. For he, knowing the affection of the Common people unto young Octavius, Caesars heir; and hearing the continuall report of his approach to Rome for his Inheritance; did by Decree of the Senate restore Sextus the sonne of Pompey to his blood and honours; Hoping that they two, inheriting their Fathers hatreds, would like Pellets in a Boys Pot-gun, drive out each other; and so he might remain Lord of the whole.
His first business was to Antonius, then possessed of all Caesars estate. His words as modest, as his Petition just. Next in a solemn Oration to the People, he let them know, how he intended to have distributed his Fathers wealth among them; and how Antonius did unjustly detain it from them both.
No sooner had he finished his speech, and given away that to them which he thought impossible to get for himself; but all was in a tumult. An Army is given to Hircius and Pansa then Consuls. The Consuls therefore proceeded in the War against Antony: who seeing little possibility of prevailing, resolved to sell the loss of his own liberty, and his Souldiers lives, at a dear rate.
He therefore applies himself so to them, that giving that among them which he had in present; and promising them greater favours, according as his fortune and their valour, should advance him, he bound them unto him in an eternall bond of allegiance; and made them the first step by which he ascended the Royaltie. Nor did they think this frost of unexpected unkindness, sufficient to nip the blossome of his hopes; but they denyed him the Consulship.
This League was solemnly confirmed by a bloody Proscription immediately following. Wherein to be revenged on their enemies, they betrayed their friends. Now was the time of Julius Caesars Government thought to be the Golden Age; and every one began to curse Brautus and Cassius as the Autors of these present miseries, whom they but lately honoured as the Restorers of the Common liberty.
The poor Romans had not changed the Tyranny, but the Tyrants: Yea, they had three for one into the bargain. Such is the condition of us men, that we know not our own happiness in the fruition, but the want. Two of these Triumviri glutted themselves with blood, taking pride in hearing the lamentable cries and groans of the people. But this Proscription, though in it self cruell and tyrannically produced some good and profitable effects in the Republick.
For when by this Proscription, and the insuing Civill war, the stoutest of the Nobles and Commons were made away, few being left which durst endeavour to recover the old Liberty; Augustus did the more easily establish his Monarchie, and restore peace to the City. As for himself, either he in policy suffered himself to be driven out of the field by Brutus, to make Antony more work; or else indeed durst not abide the battell.
Brutus the more accomplished man; Cassius the more expert souldier. As also how joyning forces together to oppress Sextus, then Lording it over the Sea, and proud with the conquest of Sicilia; they received him into the Confederacy, and joyned the Iland of Sardinia to his other Conquests. I scarce have ever heard of so great an over-sight, among so many able Politicians. And much I marvell with my self, upon what confidence AUGUSTUS and Antony durst so far trust their persons to a reconciled Enemy: or on what reason Sextus having both of them in his power, would let slip so slightly that advantage; greater than which was never offered to a discontented and ambitious person.
He beginneth first with Sextus, having by gifts and promises drawn Menas unto his side; who by reason of his inwardness with his Master, knew most of his designs. He therefore advisedly removed him out of his way, before he would attempt the same. It hath been ever a chief Maxim in Court-policy, to remove that man out of the way, under pretence of some honourable charge, whom we intend either to cast from his present honors; or else to make less potent with Prince and People.
Next, he commanded his Sister Octavia to leave her husband Antonies house; yet privately he perswaded her to live there still, and bring up his children; that so the Romans seeing her noble demeanor and love to her husband, might the more heartily detest him, who so ignobly and unkindly had rejected her.
To adde more fuell to this flame of hatred, he readeth Antonies will unto the people; in which many of the Roman Provinces were bequeathed to Cleopatra's children, and other things ordained to the common prejudice. These discontents seconded with an ambitious hope of prevailing, made them both resolute to refer all to the decision of a Battell. Antony had a Fleet consisting of His Land Forces consisted of Foot, and Antony was on the Offensive side, therefore much doubted whether it were better to give the Onset by Sea or by Land.
Cleopatra, whose words were Oracles, perswaded him to the Sea-fight; not that she thought it more safe, but that if Antony lost the day, she might with more facility escape. To this resolution, when most of the Captains had for fear agreed; one of the old Souldiers thus bluntly gain-said it.
What a miserable security art thou possessed with, most noble Emperor? Consider with thy self, most noble General, what uncertain friends the Wind and Sea are? To how fickle an Element thou dost trust thy fortunes? Let the Egyptians, and Phoenicians, old Mermaids born and nurst up in the Sea, follow this kind of warfare: But let us thy true Roman spirits, try our valour on the firm Land, and there fight for thy Empire and our own lives.
Perhaps thou dost mistrust our faith, look here Antony with that he opened his bosome and thou shalt see many an honourable scar got in thy service. We are now too old to learn new Treasons: Alter therefore thy resolution, and to please a woman cast not away so many of thy faithfull Followers.
Certainly the unresistable powers of heaven when they decree a mans destruction overthrow those counsells by which he should escape it. Antony turneth a deaf ear to this Souldiers wholesome advice; and borrowing from Cleopatra two or three kisses as if from the fountain of her lips he had derived all his courage without any more ceremony prepareth himself unto the battell. Fellows and Companions in Arms, I suppose it needless to hearten you, which never were acquainted with fear; or bid you overcome, which never yet knew what it was not to vanquish.
Conquest hath always sate upon the edges of your swords, and victory been written in your fore-heads. Be not now backward to add this one to your other Triumphs. When after the death of my father Julius, of famous memory, I first dealt in matters of War, I rather found, than made you good souldiers.
And during this twelve years service under me, neither have you been wanting in the duty of faithfull followers; nor I hope of a vigilant and gratefull Leader. Let not the number, nor the greatness of the adverse Gallies any ways affright you. The hugeness of their Bulks maketh them unapt for imployment; and the multitude one clogging and hindring the others, may as much further our Victory as theirs. They exceed us in multitudes of Men, we them in number of Souldiers.
The meaning of the word Pilot is unknown among them. It is the same Antony whom you once drave out of the Field before Mutina. It is the same Antony who being shamefully chased out of Parthia, only in that he was not vanquished, proclamed himself Victor.
Nay indeed, it is not Antony at all, but the shadow only of that substance which now is hid in Cleopatra's Cabbin. Courage then brave men of Arms; be, as you have still been, Conquerors. To speak more, were to detain you from Victory. Only this, call to mind your antient valour. Remember that I am Caesar, you Romans. Death, wounds, and blows dished in divers fashions, and served in by severall men, were the best delicates prepared for these uuwelcome visitants. This disorder made the breach at which the Victory entred.
At last they all sware Allegiance unto him. By receiving this mony he so weakned them, that they had no ability to raise an after-war; and by distributing part of it among his Souldiers, he confirmed them in obedience. As for Antony, he seeing his fortunes desperate, redeemed the honour lost in his life, by a noble and heroick death. And Cleopatra ended her life also not long after; a Woman more wel-favoured than fair; wel-spoken, rather than either.
His Victory he used so justly, that none felt the fury of the War but such as were slain in the Battell To assure himself of Antonies adherents, was his first care: to which end he burnt in the Common Forum, the Coffers of Antony, unopened; wherein all his Letters from his friends in Rome had been inclosed; well knowing, that as long as any thought themselves suspected adversaries, they would never shew themselves true friends.
But this was only as a preparation to his many designs. Mecenas was of the rank of Knights, a man of good and bad parts equally compounded. When his business required care, vigilant and circumspect; at leisure time, excessively vitious. Agrippa was the first of his house: a man alike fit for Camp and Counsell; one neither careless of a good name, nor covetous of a great. He made first unto them a long discourse of the Civill Wars, Then added, That having by his own fortune, and the valour of his Souldiers, put an end to the troubles; he was unresolved what to do; Whether to resign the Empire to the People, or retain it still in his own hands.
But I esteem more thy honour, than my profit; the publick good, than my particular preferment. I know thee to be no way delighted with lyes and flattery; and will therefore deal with thee freely and plainly. Thou hast indeed put a period to the Civill Wars; but to what end, unless thou dost restore unto the Common-wealth the Liberty for which the Wars were raised?
What benefit can the people reap from thy Victory, if thou dost use it only as an instrument for their greater bondage? Dost thou think that the Romans having Page [unnumbered] so many hundred years maintained their liberty; will now be willing to forego it?
Marius the younger, and Sertorius, were quickly cut off, when their ends were once known; and Julius thy Father of happy memory, did not long live, after his actions seemed to bring the Common liberty in hazard. And shall we think that there is no true Roman spirit surviving; No Brutus living to attempt the like against thee?
Believe me Caesar, believe me, it is far better not to meddle with the Empire at all, than to be forced to abandon it. But say Divine Providence will so protect thee, that thou mayst out-live such practices; and shalt thou also not out-live thy glories? If thy designs prosper, they will judge thee to have risen unjustly; if otherwise, to have fallen deservedly. How much better then were it, now when thine honour is without blemish, and thy reputation unstained, to resign thy authority?
Thou art at this present the joy and comfort of the World; there is wanting to thee neither Wealth nor Fame. Here then fix thy foot: For go but one step beyond this Non ultra, and thou wilt run into a boundless Ocean of perils, which have no end, but the end of thy life and reputation.
Our Republick is a Ship fraught with divers Nations. She hath been long tossed on the waves of Civill dissentions, long driven up and down with the Wind of ambition; and there is now no place so fit for her safety, as the unlimited Ocean of one mans power. This Empire at first rising seemed not to require a Monarch; but it is now grown too unwieldy to be without one. Take then upon thee, O Caesar, this Empire; or to say better, do not forsake it. I should never thus advise thee, did I conceive any possible inconveniences.
The Senate doth allow thee a competent guard of valiant and faithfull Souldiers; whom then shouldest thou fear? Nay, ill may I prosper if I see any cause of fear, were thy Guard cashiered. Enemies thou hast none: For such as were, are either already slain by thy valour, or made thy fast friends by thy bounty and clemency.
He too good a Souldier to be a Statist, was too heady and violent in establishing his Government. I know thee, O Caesar, to be of a more wary and cunning behaviour. Learn also to work out thine own safety, by Pompeys misfortunes. He after the finishing of the Pontick War, at Brundusium, disbanded his Army; and thereby merited to be accounted an honest and moderate man.
Certainly, he shewed himself in the course of this action, rather vertuous than fortunate or politick: For presently he began to be contemned, and by this improvident weakning of himself, made an open passage to his own ruin. So it is, and so it will fall out with thee, O Caesar, if in this action thou propose him to be thy pattern.
It is not safe, Agrippa saith, to take the Empire: less safe it is to refuse it. A settled and innative vice it is in man, never to endure that any man above our own rank should over-top us. Romes second founder Camillus, Scipio, that scourge of Carthage, were disgraced; and M.
Coriolanus banished by our Ancestors; only because their worth had lifted them above the ordinary pitch of Subjects. Do not thou hope to fare better than thy Predecessors. Heretofore, perchance, thou mightest have sought the Empire, to satisfie thy ambition.
The Empire must now be thy refuge and Asylum. Credit me, the Lords of the Senate, after so many years Obedience, know not how to Govern; neither canst thou having so long been a Governour, learn Obedience. True it is, that in matters of domesticall business, a man may stop and desist where he will: But in the getting of an Empire, there is no mean between the death of an Enemie, and the life of a Prince.
Thou hast already gone too far to retire. Now thou must resolve to be Caesar or nothing. Thine own discretion will suggest unto thee better Arguments. Onely this, I know that thou hast in thee too much Julius, not to be an Emperour. A most hard thing it is, for a divided mind, to make a well-joyn'd Answer.
Divided I am, and troubled between your two opinions; loath to follow either, sithence in so doing I must offend one. Yet sithence there is a necessity of Resolution; I intend, though I likewell of thy advice, Agrippa, to follow thine Mecenas.
In doing which, I am but an instrument of the Destinies, to put their Page [unnumbered] will in execution. As also, how M. To further my designs, I do desire you, nay I conjure you both, that as you have been ever ready in your Counsels, so you would not now be backward in any necessary assistance. There was at that time a Famine, which shrewdly raged among the Commons. To the poorer sort, he distributed Corn, gratis; to others, at a mean price.
And finally, so freely diffused his bounty, that there was no part or member of the City, which had not some tast of it. There is no Atlas of strength sufficient to bear up this Heaven; No Star of influence sufficient to animate this Sphear; No one form of vertue sufficient to actuate this matter.
Neither indeed is it fit, that the Republique which ought to be immortall, should depend only on the life and wel-fare of one man. There never was, since the beginning of time, a City replenished with greater store of worthy and able men, either to consult or exercise. Never was there seen so grave and discreet a Consistory; Never so many of both sorts so fit to govern.
I have by your Directions, and the Valour of your Souldiers, put an end to all homebred quarrels. Others were Creatures of his own making, and they hoping to rise in the fall of their Country, would not hear of a Resignation. Some few of the wiser sort, thought it not expedient to put the Reigns again into the hands of the Multitude. The rest out of a sluggish and phlegmatique Constitution, chose rather the present estate with security; than to strive to recover the old, with danger.
He for a while, as vainly denied to accept the Government, as they vainly persisted to desire him. Whereas, had he for term of life received the supreme Authority, he had no doubt hastened his own overthrow. Neither would he be called Romulus, though he much desired it, lest they should suppose that he did affect the Tyranny. Princeps Senatus was the only Title he admitted, well knowing, that the like glorious attributes were heaped on his Father julius by them which least loved him, onely to this end, that growing more and more into hatred, he might the sooner be dispatched.
Nor was he ignorant that the Common people led more by appearances, than truth, discorned names more plainly than executions; and that the onely course to make greatness stand firmly, was to receive extraordinary power under a Title not offensive. And having pleased himself in the choice of his Title, he next proceeded to the establishment of his power, which he thus pursued.
When first at the hands of the Lords of the Senate, he had for ten years received the Government; there was appointed unto him two Cohorts of Praetorian souldiers for the guard of his person; to whom the Senate allowed the double wages of a Legionary souldier, to make them the more vigilant and needfull in their charge. Over these he appointed two Prefects or Governors, Captains of the Guard we may best term them. In choice of these Captains, he observed two Rules.
The next course which he took for his own security, was a law he made to curb the wills and attempts of the great ones. Having thus strengthened his person, he assumed to himself the Imperiall, Censoriall, and Tribunitian authority, together with the Sacerdotall dignity. As for the Pontificall Dignity, it made him a little more reverenced, not more potent. The light of Reason taught him, that it was convenient for him, being a Prince, to have command on all his people; He had been els but half a Monarch, such as some Princes are with us, who quit their Clergie to be governed by a Forrain Head.
Which once obtained, he seriously bends his thoughts to settle the Common-wealth; and so to settle it, that by uniting all parties, and giving satisfaction to all Interesses, it might not be obnoxious to such frequent and tumultuous alterations, as it had been formerly. The Form described by Plato, shewed rather how a Citie ought to be governed, than how it may be. Aristotle, though bred in the Free States of Greece, was a friend to Monarchie; but his discourses dark, and speculative, and not easily reduced to practice.
Solon afforded the People too much Authority, the Nobles too little, the King none. Phaleas and Hippodamus as unimitable altogether as Plato. And to say truth, he did so mix the Soveraignty of one with the Liberty of all, that both the Lords and People, without fear of bondage or sedition, injoyed their accustomed Freedoms.
Yet so that nothing was done without the consent and privity of the Prince, who for the most part, nominated the successive Magistrate, leaving the confirmation of him to that people. But to proceed more particularly the first care he took, was to confirm Religion in the same state in which he found it. This, though he might have changed, as the Pontifex Maximus, or chief Bishop of the City; yet very wisely he forbare it. It is not safe for Princes that are setled in a long descent of Government, to be too active in such changes: But it is dangerous to attempt it in a Green State, and in an Empire not well quieted, and inured to bondage.
The Romans specially were exceeding tender in this point. And by Aemilius it was enacted for a Law, That none should offer sacrifice in any publike place, after a new and Forrain fashion. Excellent therefore was the counsell which Maecenas gave him, when he first undertook the Empire; viz.
No one thing more hath caused so frequent and so generall Rebellions in the States of Christendom, than alterations of this nature. I cannot therefore but commend it, as a pious resolntion in a late mighty Monarch: Better some few corruptions should be suffered in a Church, than still a change. Religion thus established, in the next place the welfare of the whole Empire consisted chiefly in reforming of the City; from which, as from the heart, life was conveyed to all the Provinces abroad.
And in the Citie the corruption was most apparent in the Senate it self. With them therefore he beginneth, well knowing that crimes in men of eminent place end not in themselves; but by degrees become diffused among their Clients and Followers. Now in the Senate were many and desertless men, who had been taken into it during the Civill Wars; as they could court the People, and humour such as were most potent.
Of these he expelled none by his own power; but making a speech to them in the Senate, of the antient order and present confusion of the house, he first exhorted them to look back on their former lives, and to judge of their own abilities and merits, for so honourable a room. Then he desired some of them to pick out such among them, as were in disposition factious, and in life faulty, but loath to conceive so ill of their own actions; which they did accordingly.
Yet as it often happeneth, that the great Thief leadeth the less to the Gallows; and as Commines observeth, that after the Battell of Monliherry Offices were taken from many for flying away, and conferred on such as ran ten miles beyond them: So remained many in the Senate neither less vicious, nor less violent; only more potent to maintain their doings, than some others whom they had removed. Moreover, according to Dougherty, the political and physical violence of founding a colony is alluded to in the first encounter between Odysseus and the Phaeacian princess 6.
Indeed, in a similar way to the Odyssey, issues of colonialism and New World settlement structure and organise the action of the Shakespearean play, as a shipwrecked foreign male replaces local suitors in gaining the hand of the young girl and power on the island.
According to Dougherty 84 , both the Odyssey and The Tempest exemplify a similar interaction between historical events concerning colonisation and literary imagination. In these texts, the settlement of a new land and, in particular, of a new island is frequently portrayed as the violent conquest of a woman. According to Perosa 56 , in travel accounts and isolarios «la questione della conquista e del possesso, in 2 Comparisons between ancient Greek and modern European exploration and settlement of new lands are not new; on this subject, see Finley ; Hartog ; Hall ; Malkin discusses a cluster of issues pertinent to the nexus of ancient and modern colonial thought and practice.
For a useful and attentive look at the post-colonial analogy between Archaic Greek colonisation and the more recent concepts of colonialism and imperialism, see also De Angelis , with bibliography. Nortwick [ ]; Hainsworth [ ]; Wohl [ 28]. Furthermore, Odysseus heroically moves towards Nausicaa like a lion 6. As regards eros and the relation between the episode about Nausicaa and the Iliad, Vallillee ; Gross ; Cairns ; Fornaro ; Glenn ; Burzacchini ; Mastromarco ; Nobili Hall 91, 95, 97 mentions the XVII century play in relation to the colonial agenda indicated in the readings of the episode about Polyphemus.
Islands are thus represented as women to be conquered by the coloniser. According to the ideology promoted by the advertisement, in the words of Williamson , a «woman is an island because she is mysterious, distant, a place to take a holiday; but she is also an island within ideology — surrounded and isolated, as the colonist is by the colonizer, held intact as the Other within a sea of sameness».
Both women and islands share the stereotypical association with nature and are opposed to the just as stereotypically male dimensions of culture and civilisation to be exported to new lands. The aim of this article is to investigate the Odyssean episodes of the isles of women and the related erotic imagery in the light of the Greek civilisation7.
Indeed, besides being commonly found in ancient mythologies, isles of women are generally considered as the mythic precursors of the vision that sees settlement of a new land as the conquest of a woman8. Since the binarism and strong sense of a superior centre common to the colonisation of the New World and colonialism do not seem appropriate to Archaic Greece, the peculiarities of the ancient and modern erotic imageries related to the arrival of a seafarer in a new land can be understood by considering the differences between modern Western colonialism and the Archaic Greek decentred attitude to place, religion, and ethnicity.
The lady and the island In her paper, Williamson relates the association between woman and island to their common association to nature9. This subject is studied by Dougherty On insularity and representations of islands in Homer, Pindar, Herodotus, and Callimachus, see Vilatte Not convincingly, the scholar argues that Homeric islands are characterised by symbols of power, birth and death and are opposed to the mainland.
According to Wohl 24 , the topography of Aeaea and Ogygia exemplifies «the profound male association of women with anti-culture and the fear that women in charge of their own sexuality would choose not to procreate […]. Without men to Rhesis. Moreover, the isles of women are not just associated to nature in the Odyssey but also to their mistresses, as both women and islands are portrayed in a similar ambiguous manner Circe is the hostile sorceress who pretentiously transforms or tries to transform, cf.
The Sirens are divine female beings Moreover, they are just as ambiguous as their island. Consistent with the fact that the description of their isle is suggestively synthetic, there is no hint of their physical appearance On this image, Vidal-Naquet Scholars have extensively demonstrated that the portrayals of Circe and Calypso are strikingly consistent with each other, cf.
Stanford ; Niles 48 ; West ; Hainsworth ; Aguirre de Castro ; ; ; de Jong A parallel between the two goddesses is explicitly alluded to in Od. He actually meets the ladies of these islands and their physical appearance and, indeed, that of their islands are essential parts of their powers of temptation 5. By contrast, the hero does not land on the isle of the Sirens.
Perhaps even because their birdlike looks were so renowned as to make any physical seduction implausible, hearing — not sight — is the essential part of this alternative. The synthetic picture of the island is as ambivalent as its mistresses, whose voice and song typologically stand between nature cf. The Sirens are female beings who have appropriated the Iliadic form and content Their singing concerns the Trojan war and is just as attractive as aedic song The latter, however, gives the hero immortal kleos, while its female counterpart can make him die on an island which has neither name, nor geographical location Finally, Ogygia too is just as ambivalent as its lady Ma anche la visione era a sua volta contraddittoria: un prato fiorito allettante e ossa umana in putrefazione».
About meadows in the Otherworld, Iriarte , with bibliography. For the relationship between the Sirens and the Otherworld, Aguirre de Castro ; Loscalzo About Circe, Calypso, and the Afterworld, see Note Iriarte Come here! Glory of the Greeks! About the form and content of these verses, Pucci Aguirre de Castro : «All the environment of Calypso — her garden and her cave — possesses the characteristics of a sacred realm, imbued by the sacrality of the goddess who inhabits it.
But it is neither a place built by men to honour the gods, nor it is in the land of the human beings: rather, it is divine in itself». On the deathly aspects of Ogygia, Anderson ; Segal ; Holtsmark ; Hainsworth ; Vernant and Doueihi 55, 59, 66 ; Crane ; Bergren 63 ; Pontani Since Ogygia only looks like an earthly place, thus Calypso only looks like a good woman.
She even dreams of him becoming her husband 1. After making Hermes sit down, she immediately starts to question him 5. Moreover, she accuses the male deities of being jealous 5. According to this analysis, the Odyssey associates women, islands, and nature in representing all three isles of women as wild and flourishing places and in portraying them and their mistresses in an equally ambiguous manner.
Moreover, in so doing, it portrays a specific association between each isle and its mistress. The episode regarding Circe already contains an association between the themes of landing on a new island and the violent conquest of a woman, which will later be powerfully exploited in travel accounts and isolarios in a slightly different way.
Odysseus rushes upon Circe with his sword as if he 25 On this subject, Vidal-Naquet , Calypso has been imposing her cordiality on the hero for seven years, «something which a good host would never do» de Jong , cf. It defends a broader contextualisation of the episode about Calypso in the poem. It is not a worthless repetition of the happenings at Aeaea cf. Niles 48; Hainsworth , ; Wohl 26 , and it has little to do with the need for a pause to give Telemachus time to grow old enough to play his role in the poem cf.
Delebecque ; Alden Both provide useful bibliography. Aeaea and Ogygia, and consequently, Circe and Calypso, represent, in chronological order, a series of progressive stages on the way home and to Penelope. After finding favour with the hero, Circe — who had transformed his comrades into animals The theme returns throughout the entire passage Yet, the fact that Odysseus and his comrades do not land on the island is just the first and, perhaps, the most important peculiarity which characterises the episode in comparison with the ones with Circe and Calypso Since the hero does not land on this isle of women, he cannot be tempted by any physical seduction; even if the Homeric Sirens were not birdlike — their aspect is not mentioned at all —, this temptation has nothing to do with seeing them It would be most unlikely to find a conquering hero making a landing in such a setting.
Hall shares this reading of the meeting between Circe and Odysseus as the sadomasochistic humiliation of a beautiful woman. Privitera These modifications are made in order to avoid alarming his companions, while at the same time making them accept that he alone will listen to the Sirens» de Jong The same verb refers to Circe in According to Hesiod fr. It looks like a detail of embedded tradition that went with the tale, though to Homer it probably meant very little».
Aguirre de Castro Pollard ; Pucci ; ; de Jong ; Ferrari ; Bettini and Spina n. Indeed, even at a first reading, the theme of the episodes on the isles of women has some erotic overtones; the Phaeacian episode which Dougherty analyses as resonating with colonial and erotic imagery is thus not the only one in the Odyssey to relate the arrival of the hero on a new island with the theme of seduction.
Moreover, as each isle of the women portrays a specific association with its mistress, all three episodes exploit the erotic imagery in different ways. Firstly, the landing on an unknown island leads to a sexual relationship in the cases of Circe and Calypso even though the moment when Calypso seduces the hero is not described , but not for the Sirens. The episodes about Circe, the Sirens, and Calypso resonate with erotic imagery in a similar way.
Dougherty has shown how erotic conquest appears as a topos in colonial discourse in texts which she relates to the Archaic Greek colonisation movement e.
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